The estimated volume for this landslide is about 75 MCM. As per estimates, approximately 10% of the population of Vargas perished in the disaster. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 883, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions, Longrunout rockslide on glacier at Tsar Mountain, Canadian Rocky Mountains: potential triggers, seismic and glaciological implications, Conduct Regional Characterization Study in order to identify potential risks both in the Tajik and Afghan target territories Create hazard maps following the assessment. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Fire in 1906 San Francisco and 1923 Great Kanto caused significant losses, but since then, important losses have also occurred in many earthquakes. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Khait landslide began as a rockslide but progressively entrained loess material. In order to fill this gap, the mission of the present study is to survey, characterize and develop a modern evidence-based geological and cartographical basis of scale 1:200 000 reflecting the development of basic hazardous natural processes in this region. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The damages can be significantly reduced, however, through the combined action of technical experts, government, and the public. 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths) 7. A statue of a grieving woman is built at the site which serves as a reminder of this landslide, recorded as one of the worst in history. The massive Diexi earthquake in Diexi Mao County, Szechwan, China on August 25, 1933, triggered the Diexi landslides. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". To date however, it has been difficult to quantify the cost of landslide damage because of the variety and Because a recurrence for such a landslide cannot be established, it is not possible to develop a meaningful estimate of annual per capita damages. What happens to the Earth during a landslide? Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths), 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths), Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)), Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths). Landslide attacks can damage enemies across the Rift Plane. A house damaged in the 2004 San Simeon earthquake. ADVERTISEMENT. The entire towns of Carmen de Uria and Cerro Grande completely vanished under the mud bed, and a large number of homes were simply swept away into the nearby ocean. . Therefore, the authors of the report extend their sincere gratitude for assistance in the course of our work. More recently, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $2 billion and $4 billion per year. Evans et al. A re-examination of the mechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originating on Nevado Huascarn, Cordillera Blanca, Peru in 1962 and 1970, On the loss of life in landslides during the 1949 Khait earthquake. The average cost for earthquake insurance is between $100 and $300 per year. Casting Landslide requires an unobstructed enemy target. In the Yasman River valley, which lies almost entirely within the area of greatest felt intensity, a large number of such flowslides coalesced in tributary valleys before combining into one massive flowslide that travelled the length of the valley. On the early morning of December 13, 1941, the outpouring of the morainal dam caused a flood loaded with debris to come crashing onto the Huaraz city below. The natural calamity which struck the rural district of Haiyuan on the evening of December 16, 1920 claimed over 100,000 lives, and severely damaged an area of approximately 20,000 square kilometers. Estimates based on likely population densities in the two settlements that suffered the most damage, Khait and Khisorak, suggest that only about 800 people are likely to have died directly as a result of the landslide. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. The result is wearing off of the earths surface. Reports suggest a loss of about 10% of the Vargas population. This will be the topic of an upcoming post.ReferenceEvans, S., Roberts, N., Ischuk, A., Delaney, K., Morozova, G., & Tutubalina, O. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? Tajikistan and Afghanistan are two landlocked countries situated in one of the most isolated regions of Central Asia characterized by harsh weather conditions, extreme roughness of terrain and are prone to severe impact of scores of natural hazards, such as earthquakes, landslides, mudflows, floods, ravine and river erosion, loess subsidence etc. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Another dam in the nearby Lake Jircacocha was also broken by the flowing glacial water, resulting in the furious waters of both of the two lakes emptying themselves onto the city of Huaraz, claiming more than 5,000 lives in the process. DOI: 10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2009.08.007 Corpus ID: 128681252; Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life @article{Evans2009LandslidesTB, title={Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life}, author={Stephen G. Evans and Nicholas J. Roberts and A. Ischuk and Keith B. Delaney and Galina S. Morozova and Olga V . For the Khait landslide itself they conclude that about 800 fatalities is probably a reasonable estimate - note that this very considerably less than earlier estimates. the cost of so many lost lives most agreed that this madness could never happen again 2 world war 2 death toll estimate 72 . Management and Analitical Center at Committee of ES&CD Tajikistan, Azimov Alimardon Shoirmardonovich, Director of FAZO Institute of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan and Shahbozov Shahboz Amzalievich, chief engineer of FAZO Institute, Research Center of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan, Farshed Karimov Deputy Director of the Institute of Geology, Seismology and Earthquake Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, the staff workers of WHO, UN IOM, Imomberdi Berdor, Program Officer of Focus Humanitarian Assistance in Tajikistan, Jumaeva Svetlana, Executive Director of the Center for climate change and disaster reduction, Doctor Mohammad Daim Kakhar, General Director of the Afghan National Office of Disaster Management, Aidan OLeary, Head of UN OCHA Afghanistan, Doctor Emlyn Hagen of NATO 3C Agency, Stefano Disperati, Chief Information Officer of iMMAP in Afghanistan, Nur Mohammad Kashani, Chief Program Officer of FOCUS Humanitarian Assistance in Afghanistan. and P.E. Rivers were forced into dams with some changing their courses. Haiyuan lost more than half its population and so did its neighbors Gansu and Shaanxi while Xiji County was buried by one of the landslides. Landslides are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope unstable. Your email address will not be published. The debris that traveled a shocking 10.2 miles, carrying 50-100 million cubic meters of mud, ice, and rocks came crumbling down the slope classifying this event as a landslide and avalanche. The biggest problem here was that the debris of the landslides blocked the rivers and caused major overflows resulting in terrible floods. The khait landslide traveled 7.41 kilometres in a downhill with a distance of 1421 metres. Most homeowners insurance policies do not cover damage from expansive soils. 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Required fields are marked *. What are the natural causes of landslides? 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; the local modern spelling is Hoit ( Tajik: ). Communities are urged to examine their costs of landslide damage and to evaluate the feasibility of several alternative programs that, for a modest investment, could significantly reduce these losses. Spatial Distribution. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)), 8. However, some rather speculative reports have suggested that the impacts were very large for example this article in Mountain Research and Development reported a huge landslide at a site that it termed Borgulchak Rock. These landslides. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. The adjacent valleys of Yasman and Khait were the most affected by these earthquake-induced landslides. Seismicity represents a key regional factor determining a broad extent of hazard in the target area. . The 1949 Khait (Hoit) earthquake ( Russian: 1949 ; Tajik: 1949) occurred at 09:45 local time (03:53 UTC) on 10 July in the Gharm Oblast region of the Tajik SSR of the Soviet Union (within the modern boundary of Tajikistan ). Before they can be expected to take action, local governments need to have an appreciation of costs of damage in their areas of responsibility and of the reductions in losses that can be achieved. A key realisation of this work for me has been that earthquake-triggered slides cause a very substantial proportional (probably in fact the majority) of fatalities is mass movement events. Damm 2013).Most landslide databases store data sets on landslide location and thus provide functionality for landslide susceptibility modeling (cf. Steve and his colleagues have also just published a similar paper (Evans et al. On March 11, 1996, OES forwarded the city's appeal to Region IX with the request that the DSR be revised to include landslide repair costs that are eligible under 44 CFR 206.225. For the Yasman Valley flowslide they estimate about 4,000 fatalities, and they determine that there were probably a further 2,400 deaths. The January 10, 2005 La Conchita landslide was the deadliest single event triggered by the 2004-2005 storm sequence. The basis and starting point of cost estimation in this methodology is a landslide database, e.g., the one maintained by our working group (cf. [1], The earthquake occurred at 09:45 local time on 10 July 1949. A major landslide in 2011 cost between $13 and $15 million in repairs from damage to Utah State Highway 14 (estimated by the Utah Department of Transportation). It is important to understand how the reluctance of visitors to travel to and within 'landslide areas' is affected after an event that has received publicity and/or caused casualties and how a period of . The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. [3] The magnitude was recalculated as 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale in the ISC-GEM catalogue published in 2013. The second, less common outside of geology, refers to areas that have a history of landslides. 10. In the Yasman valley hundreds of loess Acknowledgements 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). While the whole city and closeby villages and towns were engulfed by the gigantic chunk of earth and its debris it is unclear about the exact number of people who died mainly because during that time the Soviet Union guarded such information but the total death toll was somewhere around 28,000. Land use changes. New Cumberland, PA 17070 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1949_Khait_earthquake&oldid=1119783370, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 11:24. The town of Khait (modern spelling Hoit (Tajik: )) and the village of Khisorak were almost completely destroyed by the Khait landslide. The consequences were disastrous with the forming of an inland tidal wave, the force of the fall was so terrible that the atomic bomb type of powerful gust of air crushed the city of Longarone with only 30 children managing to survive. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. Closeby valleys of Khait and Yasman were badly affected. There has also been a notable increase in landslide . Most of the fatalities were caused by numerous landslides triggered by the earthquake. [2], The total distance travelled by the flowslide is 7.4 km. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Landslides occur in a variety of environments, characterized by either steep or . To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The true scale of the tragedy was not published until after the collapse of the . Approximately 4,000 people were killed in this tragic natural disaster. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. A series of huge landslides along the Min river blocked the river and formed three massive landslide lakes. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. "The Tragedy of Khait: A Natural Disaster in Tajikistan", 10.1659/0276-4741(2000)021[0091:TTOKAN]2.0.CO;2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khait_landslide&oldid=1140272511, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:01. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. This was a Mw=7.4 event on 10th July 1949 in the Tien Shan mountains of what is now Tajikistan, but was then the Soviet Union. Some single landslide events have killed numbers in excess of the populations of small countries. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. The current lack of relevant tools to assess a complex and ever-changing environment in these cross-border areas does not allow an effective assessment of risks and planning for natural disaster mitigation. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Khait landslide happened in 1949. It travelled with an estimated velocity of about 40m/s.[3]. Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? One such natural catastrophe occurred in July of 1949, when the 7.4 magnitude Khait Earthquake triggered hundreds of landslides near the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. This is commonly caused by automated downloading of content or other types of excessive use that may effect our site performance. An anecdotal time to failure curve is presented, based on eyewitness accounts and observations of instability. . The velocity of the slide has been estimated from the energy required to surmount the terrace on the western river bank, giving a minimum of 22 m/s. A landslide near Cusco, Peru, in 2018. The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, damage to land and loss of natural resources. The 1949 Khait (Hoit) earthquake occurred at 0945 local time (0353 UTC) on 10 July in the Gharm Oblast region of Tajikistan. Some reports, such as the Wikipedia article on this landslide, have suggested a death toll as high as 28,000 people, although to be fair this may well be something of a misinterpretation of the original source. The whole town consisting of about 9,000 to 9,300 people was destroyed, and Diexi was completely submerged in water. For centuries, the mountainous belt running through Central Asia has witnessed a large number of disasters involving earthquake-triggered landslides. Almost a hundred villages were devastated, taking about 5,100 lives. Debris and mud flows are rivers of rock, earth and other debris saturated with water. Social agitators claim that many people lost their lives mainly because the area did not have strict rules on the construction of homes, which allowed people to build homes on unstable ground. Steele landslides, Yukon, Glacial advances constrained by 10Be exposure dating of bedrock landslides, Kyrgyz Tien Shan, Earthquakes, Landslides, Dams and Reservoirs in the Tien Shan, Central Asia, The 6 August 2010 Mount Meager rock slide-debris flow, Coast Mountains, British Columbia: characteristics, dynamics, and implications for hazard and risk assessment, The sedimentology and geomorphology of rock avalanche deposits on glaciers, Influence of runout-path material on emplacement of the Round Top rock avalanche, New Zealand, Late Holocene catastrophic slope collapse affected by deep-seated gravitational deformation in flysch: Ropice Mountain, Czech Republic, A new classification of earthquake-induced landslide event sizes based on seismotectonic, topographic, climatic and geologic factors, Temporal behavior of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations: A review, 2nd INQUA-IGCP 567 International Workshop on Active Tectonics, Earthquake Geology, Archaeology and Engineering, Large landslides associated with a diapiric fold in Canelles Reservoir (Spanish Pyrenees): Detailed geological-geomorphological mapping, trenching and electrical resistivity imaging, Morphologic description of the Punta cola rock avalanche and associated minor rockslides caused by the 21 April 2007 Aysn earthquake (Patagonia, southern Chile), Extremely large rockslides and rock avalanches in the Tien Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan, Landslides from Massive Rock Slope Failure, Investigating Rock-Slope Failures in the Tien Shan: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives of International Cooperation (M111), Utilisation of Data Derived from Large-Scale Experiments and Study of Natural Blockages for Blast-Fill Dam Design, Heavy rainfall triggered loessmudstone landslide and subsequent debris flow in Tianshui, China, Landslide dams and their hazard after the 25 April 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Central Nepal, A study on socio economic effects of landslides in Iran, Investigating the effect of earthquakes on open pit mine slopes, A Review of the Advantages and Limitations of Geophysical Investigations in Landslide Studies, Invited review A unified landslide classification system for loess slopes: A critical review-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, Possibility of landslide damming in the Vakhsh River catchment and its effect on the hydraulic schemes and population Possibility of landslide damming in the Vakhsh River catchment and its effect on the hydraulic schemes and population, Past to present deformation of the central-eastern Southern Alps: from the foreland to the Giudicarie belt, Usoy Natural Dam: Problem of Security (Lake Sarez, Pamir Mountains,Tadjikistan), Tien Shan geohazards database: Earthquakes and landslides, Seismotectonics of the Tajik Basin and Surrounding Mountain Ranges, Dense GPS profiles across the northwestern tip of the IndiaAsia collision zone: Triggered slip and westward flow of the Peter the First Range, Pamir, into the Tajik Depression, Legacies of catastrophic rock slope failures in mountain landscapes, Seismic triggering of landslides, Part A: Field evidence from the Northern Tien Shan, Gravity effects caused by moderate earthquakes: role of local fault pattern, Window-Based Morphometric Indices as Predictive Variables for Landslide Susceptibility Models, Large rockslides in the Southern Central Andes of Chile (3234.5S): Tectonic control and significance for Quaternary landscape evolution, Back-calculation of the 2017 Piz Cengalo-Bondo landslide cascade with r.avaflow. 7.4 km is 7.4 km landslides blocked the rivers and caused major overflows resulting in terrible.... 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Fatalities, and they determine that there were probably a further 2,400 deaths browsing experience on... Can be significantly reduced, however, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies perished!, earth and other debris saturated with water enemies across the Rift.! On August 25, 1933, triggered the Diexi landslides in landslide by either steep or rock, earth other. The earthquake the cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin badly affected, please take a few toupgrade. Thebes and how can it be fixed some single landslide events have killed numbers in excess of the fatalities caused... With a distance of 1421 metres of our work were badly affected events have killed numbers in excess the., less common outside of geology, refers to areas that have a history of landslides suggest. Landslide lakes website belongs to an official government organization in the United States 1962 ( 4,500 deaths ),! 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